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Unit 65 — Adjective + to ... ​


A. hard to understand, interesting to talk to etc. ​

1. adjective + to do:某人 / 某物“做起来怎么样” ​

比较下面两个句子:

James doesn’t speak clearly.

James 说话不清楚。

因此可以说:

(a) It is hard to understand him.

很难听懂他。

或者:

(b) He is hard to understand.

他很难让人听懂。

这两个句子的意思相同。


2. 一个非常重要的结构变化 ​

第一种:

It is hard to understand him.

结构:

It + be + adjective + to do + object

这里:

understand him

him 是 understand 的宾语。


第二种:

He is hard to understand.

结构:

subject + be + adjective + to do

这里的:

He

实际上就是 understand 的逻辑宾语。

所以不能再加 him:

❌ He is hard to understand him.

正确:

He is hard to understand.


3. 核心思维 ​

例如:

This book is easy to read.

不要理解成:

这本书很容易“去阅读”。

而应该理解成:

这本书读起来很容易。

逻辑关系其实是:

read this book

因此:

This book
    ↓
is easy
    ↓
to read
    ↓
这本书读起来很容易

4. 可以这样使用的形容词 ​

Adjective中文
easy容易的
difficult困难的
nice好的 / 令人愉快的
good好的
safe安全的
dangerous危险的
cheap便宜的
expensive昂贵的
exciting令人兴奋的
interesting有趣的
impossible不可能的

5. safe to drink ​

Do you think it is safe to drink this water?

你认为喝这个水安全吗?

也可以说:

Do you think this water is safe to drink?

你认为这个水喝起来安全吗?

注意:

❌ Do you think this water is safe to drink it?

因为:

this water

已经是:

drink this water

中的逻辑宾语。

所以后面不能再出现 it。


6. impossible to answer ​

The exam questions were very hard.

考试题非常难。

因此:

It was impossible to answer them.

这些题根本无法回答。

也可以说:

The exam questions were impossible to answer.

这些考试题根本无法回答。

不能说:

❌ The exam questions were impossible to answer them.


7. interesting to talk to ​

Nicola has lots of interesting ideas.

Nicola 有很多有趣的想法。

所以:

It’s interesting to talk to her.

和她聊天很有意思。

也可以说:

Nicola is interesting to talk to.

Nicola 是一个聊起来很有趣的人。

注意这里必须保留:

to

因为:

talk to somebody

所以:

Nicola is interesting to talk to.

不能说:

❌ Nicola is interesting to talk.

也不能说:

❌ Nicola is interesting to talk to her.


8. adjective + noun + to do ​

这种结构还可以与:

adjective + noun

一起使用。

例如:

This is a difficult question to answer.

这是一个很难回答的问题。

这里:

answer the question

所以 question 已经是 answer 的逻辑宾语。

因此不能说:

❌ This is a difficult question to answer it.


9. A 部分核心结构 ​

结构一 ​

It + be + adjective + to do + object

例如:

It is difficult to understand him.


结构二 ​

Subject + be + adjective + to do

例如:

He is difficult to understand.


结构三 ​

adjective + noun + to do

例如:

a difficult question to answer


B. nice of (you) to ... ​

10. It is + adjective + of somebody + to do ​

我们可以说:

It’s nice of somebody to do something.

表示:

某人做某事,说明这个人怎么样。

例如:

It was nice of you to take me to the airport. Thank you very much.

你送我去机场真是太好了。非常感谢。

这里评价的是:

you

这个人的行为。


11. 可以使用的形容词 ​

Adjective中文
kind善良的
generous慷慨的
careless粗心的
silly愚蠢的
stupid愚蠢的
inconsiderate不体谅别人的
unfair不公平的
typical一贯如此的 / 典型的

12. silly of somebody to do ​

It’s silly of Ruth to give up her job when she needs the money.

Ruth 在需要钱的时候辞掉工作,这样做很傻。

这里:

silly

是在评价:

Ruth

做这件事情的行为。


13. unfair of somebody to do ​

I think it was unfair of him to criticise me.

我认为他批评我是不公平的。

结构:

It + be + adjective + of somebody + to do


14. 为什么这里使用 of? ​

因为这些形容词是在:

评价一个人的行为 / 品质

例如:

It was kind of you to help me.

≈

You were kind to help me.

你的行为很友善。

所以:

somebody does something
          ↓
    评价这个人的行为
          ↓
It is + adjective
          +
    of somebody
          +
        to do

C. sorry to ... / surprised to ... etc. ​

15. adjective + to do:表达人的反应或感受 ​

我们还可以使用:

adjective + to do

来说明某人对某件事情的:

reaction(反应 / 感受)

例如:

I’m sorry to hear that your mother isn’t well.

听说你妈妈身体不好,我很难过。

这里:

sorry

表示听到这件事情后的感受。


16. 常见形容词 ​

Adjective中文
glad高兴的
pleased高兴的 / 满意的
relieved如释重负的
surprised惊讶的
amazed非常惊讶的
sad难过的
disappointed失望的

17. surprised to see ​

Was Julia surprised to see you?

Julia 看到你时感到惊讶吗?

结构:

somebody + be + feeling adjective + to do


18. glad to get home ​

It was a long and tiring journey.

这是一段漫长而疲惫的旅程。

We were glad to get home.

我们很高兴终于到家了。


19. 常见表达 ​

I’m glad to see you.

见到你很高兴。

I’m sorry to hear that.

听到这个消息我很难过。

I was surprised to see him.

看到他我很惊讶。

We were relieved to hear the news.

听到这个消息我们松了一口气。

She was disappointed to lose the game.

输掉比赛她很失望。


D. the next / the last / the only / the first / the second + to do ​

20. 序数 / 顺序表达 + to do ​

我们可以在这些词后使用:

to + verb

包括:

the next

the last

the only

the first

the second

等等。


21. the next + noun + to do ​

The next train to arrive at platform 4 will be the 10.50 to Liverpool.

下一班到达 4 号站台的火车是 10:50 开往 Liverpool 的列车。

结构:

the next + noun + to do

表示:

下一个做某事的……


22. the only one to do ​

Everybody was late except me.

除了我,每个人都迟到了。

I was the only one to arrive on time.

我是唯一一个准时到达的人。

结构:

the only one + to do


23. the first to do ​

If I have any more news, you will be the first to know.

如果我有更多消息,你会是第一个知道的人。

这里:

the first to know

≈

the first person to know


24. 常见结构 ​

结构中文
the first to do第一个做……的人
the second to do第二个做……的人
the next to do下一个做……的人
the last to do最后一个做……的人
the only one to do唯一做……的人

例如:

She was the first to arrive.

她是第一个到达的人。

Tom was the last to leave.

Tom 是最后一个离开的人。

He was the only person to answer the question.

他是唯一回答这个问题的人。


E. sure / likely / bound to happen ​

25. be sure to do ​

可以说:

something / somebody + be sure to do

表示:

肯定会…… / 一定会……

例如:

She is sure to pass the exam.

她肯定会通过考试。


26. be bound to do ​

Carla is a very good student.

Carla 是一个非常优秀的学生。

所以:

She’s bound to pass the exam.

她肯定会通过考试。

图片中说明:

bound to pass

≈

sure to pass


27. be likely to do ​

It’s possible I’ll win the lottery one day, but it’s not likely to happen.

我有可能有一天会中彩票,但这种事情不太可能发生。

这里:

be likely to do

表示:

很可能会……

而:

be not likely to do

表示:

不太可能会……


28. sure / likely / bound 的区别 ​

结构核心意思程度
be likely to do很可能做……可能性较高
be sure to do肯定会做……很确定
be bound to do肯定 / 必然会做……非常确定

例如:

It’s likely to rain.

很可能会下雨。

It’s sure to rain.

肯定会下雨。

It’s bound to rain.

肯定 / 必然会下雨。


29. A 和 C 两种 adjective + to do 不要混淆 ​

Unit 65 中最重要的是理解:

adjective + to do

实际上有不同的逻辑关系。


类型 1:某物“做起来怎么样” ​

This book is easy to read.

这本书读起来很容易。

逻辑:

read this book

这里 this book 是 read 的逻辑宾语。


类型 2:某人“做某事时感觉怎么样” ​

I’m glad to see you.

见到你我很高兴。

逻辑:

I see you

这里 I 是 see 的执行者。


30. 对比 ​

He is hard to understand.

他很难让人理解。

这里:

understand him

所以 he 是逻辑宾语。


He is glad to understand the problem.

他很高兴理解了这个问题。

这里:

he understands the problem

所以 he 是动作执行者。


31. B 部分:评价“人” ​

如果你看到:

It is + adjective + of somebody + to do

通常是在:

评价这个人的行为

例如:

It was kind of you to help me.

你帮助我真是太好了。

核心:

YOU helped me
      ↓
这个行为怎么样?
      ↓
    KIND
      ↓
It was kind OF YOU to help me.

32. D 部分:表示顺序 / 身份 ​

如果出现:

first / second / next / last / only

经常使用:

to do

例如:

He was the first to arrive.

他是第一个到达的人。

核心:

WHO?
  ↓
the first
  ↓
TO DO WHAT?
  ↓
to arrive

33. E 部分:表示事情发生的可能性 ​

如果出现:

sure / likely / bound

可以使用:

be + adjective + to do

例如:

She is likely to win.

她很可能会赢。

She is sure to win.

她肯定会赢。

She is bound to win.

她必定会赢。


34. 最容易犯的错误 ​

错误:

❌ He is hard to understand him.

正确:

He is hard to understand.

因为:

He = understand him 中的 him


错误:

❌ This book is easy to read it.

正确:

This book is easy to read.

因为:

This book = read this book 中的宾语


错误:

❌ Nicola is interesting to talk.

正确:

Nicola is interesting to talk to.

因为:

talk to somebody


错误:

❌ This is a difficult question to answer it.

正确:

This is a difficult question to answer.


错误:

❌ It was nice for you to help me.

当你是在评价对方“人很好”时:

It was nice of you to help me.


35. 一个重要判断:of somebody 还是 for somebody? ​

本单元主要学习:

It is adjective OF somebody to do

用于:

评价某个人的行为

例如:

It was careless of him to leave the door open.

他没关门,真粗心。

这里:

careless

是在评价:

him


而:

for somebody to do

通常不是评价这个人的品质,而是描述:

对某人来说做某事怎么样

例如:

It is difficult for me to understand this.

对我来说理解这个很困难。

所以:

结构核心
adjective + of somebody + to do评价这个人
adjective + for somebody + to do对这个人来说做某事怎么样

36. Unit 65 五大结构 ​

① 某物做起来怎么样 ​

subject + be + adjective + to do

例如:

This book is easy to read.


② 评价某人的行为 ​

It + be + adjective + of somebody + to do

例如:

It was kind of you to help me.


③ 表达人的反应 / 感受 ​

somebody + be + adjective + to do

例如:

I’m glad to see you.


④ 顺序 / 唯一性 ​

the first / second / next / last / only + to do

例如:

He was the first to arrive.


⑤ 可能性 / 确定性 ​

be sure / likely / bound + to do

例如:

She is likely to win.


37. 如何判断 adjective + to do 的逻辑主宾关系 ​

这是这一单元非常值得掌握的地方。

看到:

Subject + be + adjective + to do

可以问自己:

Subject 是 do 的执行者,还是承受者?


承受者 ​

This book is easy to read.

还原:

Someone reads this book.

所以:

this book = read 的宾语

中文通常翻译:

这本书读起来……


执行者 ​

I’m glad to see you.

还原:

I see you.

所以:

I = see 的主语

中文通常翻译:

我做……感到……


38. 最终思维模型 ​

ADJECTIVE + TO DO
        │
        ├── 某人/某物“做起来怎么样”?
        │
        │      This book is easy to read.
        │      He is hard to understand.
        │
        │      → 主语是 to do 的逻辑宾语
        │
        ├── 评价某人的行为?
        │
        │      It was kind of you to help me.
        │
        │      → adjective + OF somebody + to do
        │
        ├── 某人的感受/反应?
        │
        │      I'm glad to see you.
        │      I'm sorry to hear that.
        │
        │      → 主语是 to do 的执行者
        │
        ├── 表示顺序/唯一性?
        │
        │      the first to arrive
        │      the last to leave
        │      the only one to know
        │
        └── 表示可能性/确定性?
               │
               ├── likely to do
               ├── sure to do
               └── bound to do

39. 一句话记住 Unit 65 ​

This book is easy to read. 某物做起来怎么样

It was kind of you to help me. 评价某人的行为

I’m glad to see you. 表达人的感受 / 反应

He was the first to arrive. 第几个 / 唯一一个做某事的人

She is bound to pass the exam. 某事很可能 / 肯定会发生